Postmodernism Essay Example for Free

Postmodernism Essay Different material, methods and media’s have been used in postmodern art, such as painting fine art, technology, architecture and fashion. A study of various types of powerful societal changes through time is tackled through art. These changes comprise of gender identity, globalisation growth, political power etc. Introduction The expression of Art has always been influential; many artists use it as a tactic to exploit political truths and ideas. Postmodernism is a â€Å"movement reacting against modernism, especially by drawing attention to former conventions† (pg821). This form of art allowed a new way of looking at reality in a society that is constantly reassessing its culture and values. Postmodern art focuses on a mixture of high and low cultures and dominant ideas; it went against repression, sexism, racism, political power, and violence. Deconstructing truths criticises and analyses contemporary issues. These deconstructionist feed on controversy, artists such as Alessandro Mendini, Andy Warhol, Jenny Holzer create colourful and ruinous, luxurious and outrageous artwork. The art allowed radical freedom to design, funny gestures confrontation and occasionally absurd. It was a style that has new self-awareness. Postmodernism rebelled against modernism; it was an attack on what had come before as it explored and disparaged any unspoken leading concepts and social customs. The disillusionment from World War II heavily influenced postmodern art. The style doesn’t have a clear central hierarchy or organising principle; it uses melancholy, extreme complexity, contradiction, ambiguity, diversity and interconnectedness. Loud colours, bold patterns, historical quotation and whit are used. During the 60s, critical practices of postmodernism were applied mainly in Italy. The idea of ‘Function follows form’ is abandoned. Exaggerated proportion and outrageous texture for the sake of decoration. Designers such as Ettore Sottsass and Alessandro Mendini who challenged social norms and the traditional taste of design. Italian born designer and architect, Alessandro Mendini played a part in postmodern design. He creates graphics, furniture, interiors, paintings and architectures. His work of ‘Destruction of the Monumento da Casa (Household Monument) is an enlarged photograph of a modernist chair. This literally displays the destroying of the past, the end of modernism and the beginning of postmodernism. It was an attack on what had come before, Mendini brought the chair to a stone quarry and set the chair on fire, photos were captured during the process in 1974. Popular culture, irony, historicism, eclecticism and pluralism are embraced by postmodernism. The artist believed that something new design would grow from the burning remains. One of the most iconic post-modern designs is the Proust armchair by Alessandro Mendini. He chose to add Signac painting as the pattern on a ready-made replica of an 18th century armchair. American language conceptual artist, Jenny Holzer is famous for her short statements. The postmodern fashion in the 80’s was a time when women were in power and this was mirrored in physicality and clothes. The artist uses modern information to expose and address the politics of discourse. The ‘Abuse of Power Comes as No Surprise’ by Hozler is one of her many controversial artworks. Jenny Hozler worked outside the regular conventions, as she believed that simplified phrases are the quickest way for everyone to comprehend. A lot of Jenny Hozler’s work victimises the woman, this method allows the audience to basically read the violence male dominance against women. Words such as ‘Crack the Pelvis so she lies right, this a mistake. When she dies you cannot repeat the act†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ the brutal yet vivid words suggest male power over women. In order to communicate to foreign countries, her work was translated multiple times. Hozler’s techniques include a range of multimedia, posters, hats, T-shirts and L. E. D signs on large architecture. She received many negative feedbacks by the public, therefore, withdrew from her career until 1993. The postmodern artist came back with a new approach to immaterial; she is still driven against murder plus sexual pleasure, hence initiated a new series named ‘Lustmord’. Fine Art is also found in post modernism. Techniques found in painting were super-realism, mannered, academic, neoclassical, decorative, and self-conscious stylization. Originality had ended and there is a lot past styles referencing. Postmodern artist, David Ligare paintings looked extremely realistic. He focused on still life painting, Ligare believes that there is no limit and virtually anything now could be considered art, hence makes him a postmodern artist. David Ligare does narrative paintings based on Greco/Toman culture. Marcel Duchamp’s artwork incorporated jokes to add humour to his visual. Duchamp has made numerous pastiche works; his most famous is the ‘L. H. O. O. Q’, which stands for ‘Elle a chaud au cul’. It was a rebel against traditional art was the dominant idea of the time. Duchamp’s added moustache and beard to the postcard with the Mona Lisa, which contradicts regular conventions of the time. He wanted to take artistry lightly; it was an act of rebel against convention. This technique became known as ‘appropriation’, it is the idea of manipulating famous historical art pieces. This practice has become common in today’s art. Andy Warhol works exemplifies the final stage of postmodernism. Warhol’s paintings had always had something controversial, as theorist Fredric Jameson states, ‘they ought to be powerful and critical political statements’ Andy Warhol is a contemporary artist, which expresses the postmodernism of society though his artistry. Through his artwork, his expression seems to be very anarchy and chaotic, especially the major use of the primary and bold colours whereas in the mainstream artistry it is very subtle due to the dark or complimentary colours which can often be seen as conservative. Warhol’s ‘Dollar Sign’ from 1981 deconstructs the truth about money. The painting suggest money’s strength, its addiction and tactic for conspiracy, His artwork were powerful and held critical political statements because they were billboard-like images. One of his pieces was of the North Korean leader, Kim John IL. Normally in society Kim John IL would not be even spoken of due to the high political power he has over North Korea. And the fragility between other nations that Kim John IL has. Andy Warhol has done a piece of this leader using contrasting and chaotic colours that seemed random and unusual. Warhol used appropriation, taking and creating pastiche references. As Andy Warhol states, â€Å"Art is what you can get away with†. Yasumasa Morimura uses humour with referencing to historical art. His postmodernist artworks have the idea of rejecting a single fixed meaning in an image or artwork. He is a controversial Japanese artist who displaces societal currents in Japanese culture. Western assimilation, capitalism and gender values are shown in his designs. Yasumasa is an illusive creator with no boundaries; this sets his work off to a guttural response. He is best known for mimicking great subjects, in particular western art. One of his works uses historical art as reference is the ‘Blinded by the Light’ 1991, which was inspired by the ‘ Parable for the Blind’ by Pieter Brueghel in 1568. Morimura symbolises a satirical message on Western invasion. Yasumasa Morimura caused controversy by highlighting historical influences and transforming into the postmodern art world with eastern and western culture, sexuality and gender identity. His background influenced Morimura’s, he was an outsider dominated by western culture and art. Technology advancement such as digital editing allowed his work to become flawless. In the racist imagination of western culture, they perceive Asian men with weak physically, equivalent to a little white girl. Morimura embraces his influences and mixes his sexual influence with modern culture. This is reflected in his series of self-portraits, e. g. Morimura as Monroe. Throughout the postmodern period, globalisation had become widespread, the artist felt as if he was invaded by foreign ideas and culture. In response, he invaded western culture through their art, by slapping his face on the Mona Lisa or the Infanta Margarita. Famous artist, Barbara Kruger exploited truths through her works of being a graphic designer, art director, and picture editor. Rather than creating her own images, she uses images and juxtaposes them. She used her techniques and skills of being a graphic designer and worked on political, social feminist provocations, religion, sex, racial and gender stereotypes, consumerism, corporate greed, and power. Her techniques consist of using media sources and words and directly collaging them over each other. Her signature look comprises of cropped, large-scale, black and white photographic pictures against black, white and red sans serif letterform. They hold raucous, pithy, ironic sayings. The poster, ‘Your Body is a battleground’ proposes the idea of re-conditioning gender stereotypes. Originally, the image was used in Washington DC to advocate a pro-choice position and reproductive rights for women. This raises the issue of power, patriarchy, stereotyping and consumption. The poster has a black and white image of a woman’s face that is split symmetrically with direct eye contact. The positive and negative space could highlight ‘good vs. bad’. Judging from the woman’s hair and makeup, she appears to be a housewife. The image represents that women cannot be sold, it illustrated a political setting and subsequently their identities are favourably polished.

Common Man Tragedy in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman Essay

The idea of dramatic tragedy is a classical one, discussed in Aristotle's Poetics. Before it can be established as to whether Miller really has written a tragedy or not, the very concept of tragedy must be investigated. Aristotle asserted, 'Tragedy is a representation, an imitation, of an action.1? He went on to outline the common features tragic drama must have. Tragedy has six elements, which, in order of importance, are: plot, character, thought, music, language, and spectacle. The plot requires peripeteia, anagnorisis, and cathartic effect. It must take place in one day, in one setting, with a unity of plot (i.e. all tragic, no comic subplot). The character must be ?good? (there is some debate as to the vague nature of this word), be 'true to type', be consistent in behaviour, be a great man (that is, to be representative of a whole society), and have one single tragic flaw. Thought is exactly that; the ideas that the speakers express in language. Music is also self-explanat ory. As for language and spectacle, the development of these is the perpetual instinct of drama to struggle closer and closer to real life. Willy Loman's character does adhere to the tragic hero guidelines to a certain extent. Rather than being a man who is a representative of a society, he represents society. His allegorical name of 'Loman' or 'Low-man' allowed Miller to twist the formula somewhat. He is true to type in that he dreams the American Dream, and subscribes to the desire for money and material possessions in capitalist society. Whether Willy is a 'good' man is debatable; his affair would indicate that he is not, his wife dotes on him, and Biff is crushed by the discovery of the mistress, so much so that he loses all faith in his fa... ...illy is a victim of the society in which he lives, or a victim of his own poor judgement. ?Willy is not simply a victim of that success-mongering culture. Miller wishes us to see that Willy accepts the success value all too easily and completely. The play suggests that, along with our pity for Willy, we take a critical attitude.8? Bibliography: BROWN, J. R. and HARRIS, B. (1974) American Theatre ARNOLD DOWNER, A. S. (1975) American Drama and Its Critics CHICAGO KERNAN, A. B. (1967) The Modern American Theater SPECTRUM KRUTCH, J. W. (1967) American Drama since 1918 BRAZILLER LUCAS, F. L. (1972) Tragedy ? Serious drama in relation to Aristotle?s Poetics CHATTO & WINDUS PORTER, T. E. (1969) Myth and Modern American Drama WAYNE SCANLAN, T. (1978) Family, Drama, and American Dreams GREENWOOD WILLIAMS, R. (1969) Modern Tragedy CHATTO & WINDUS

Mgt 520 Final Exam Study

MGMT520 Final Exam Study Guide Finals open on Saturday April 20  at 12:01 a. m. MT (Saturday morning) Finals close on Thursday April 25 at 11:59 p. m. MT (Thursday night) PLEASE DON’T WAIT TILL THE LAST MINUTE – THE SYSTEM IS BUSY AND MAY SLOW DOWN AND ANYTHING CAN HAPPEN. YOU MAY WANT TO PRINT THIS GUIDE. 1. The final exam is â€Å"open book, open notes. † The maximum time you can spend in the exam is 3 hours, 30 minutes. If you have not clicked the Submit For Grade button by then, you will be automatically exited from the exam.In the final exam environment, the Windows clipboard is disabled, and so you will not be able to copy exam questions or answers to or from other applications. There are three pages to your final, and each page begins with a story. The stories are quite interesting and will make the questions flow easily. The questions that follow are then taken from each story. There is a little overlap. Remember questions are scrambled, so while they v ary, all TCO’s will be tested. 2. You should click the Save Answers button in the exam frequently.This helps prevent connection timeouts that might occur with certain Internet Service Providers, and also minimizes lost answers in the event of connection problems. If your internet connection does break, when you reconnect you will normally be able to get back into your final exam without any trouble. Remember, though, that the exam timer continues to run while students are disconnected, so students should try to re-login as quickly as possible. The Help Desk cannot grant any student additional time on the exam. . See Syllabus â€Å"Due Dates for Assignments & Exams† for due date information. 4. Reminders: * You will only be able to enter your online Final Exam one time * Click the â€Å"Save Answers† button often * If you lose your Internet connection during your Final Exam, logon again and try to access your Final Exam. If you are unable to enter the Final Exam, contact first the help desk and then your instructor. * You will always be able to see the time remaining in the Final Exam at the top right of the page . Assessments with Multiple Pages: * Make sure you click the â€Å"Save Answers† button before advancing to the next page (we also suggest clicking on save answers while you are working) * Complete all of the pages before submitting your Final Exam for instructor review; check your work and be sure to answer all the parts of questions. * Do NOT use your browser's ‘Back' and ‘Forward' buttons during the Final Exam * Please use the provided links for navigation 6. Submitting Your Final Exam: When you are finished with the Final Exam, click on the â€Å"Submit for Grade† button * Please note: Once you click the â€Å"Submit for Grade† button, you will NOT be able to edit or change any of your answers 7. Exam Questions * The final exam covers all course TCOs and Weeks 1-7. * The exam has two short answe r questions worth 15 points each (TCO I and D. ) (Plan about 10 minutes each). * The exam has 7 essay questions worth 30 points each (TCO A, B, C, E, F, G, and H) (Plan about 23-25 minutes each. ) This gives you about a 30 minute buffer. The exam has a total of 240 points. * The final exam contains 3 pages, which can be completed in any order. You may go back and forth between the pages. * On the short answer questions, just answer the question asked, with any brief detail to explain why you answered that way. If a list is requested, provide it. * On the essay questions your answers should be succinct, fully address each part of the question, and demonstrate your knowledge and understanding in a concise but complete answer. You can use bullets where appropriate (i. e. listing elements, defenses, or steps. Ensure you analyze and give reasons for answers as partial credit is given even if the answer is wrong. * Remember always use proper citation when quoting other sources! Place any quoted or borrowed material (even a short phrase) in quotation marks with the source (URL, author/date/page #) immediately following the end of the passage. Even cite paraphrased information. Quoted or paraphrased material should not dominate a student’s work; use it sparingly to support your own thoughts, ideas, and examples. Failure to properly cite material can jeopardize a passing grade on the exam.Your work may be submitted to turnitin. com, an online plagiarism checking service. * If you reference your text, it’s OK to just say Jennings, p__. 8. Some of the key study areas are as follows: (while these are key areas remember that the exam is comprehensive for all the assigned course content and this study guide may not be all inclusive. * TCO A: Given an organizational requirement to conform business practices to both the law and best ethical practices, apply appropriate ethical theories to shape a business decision. Schools of thought * Ethical models – yo u will need to apply them to a factual situation much as you did in your midterm * TCO B: Given instances of federal regulation of business and commercial practices, determine the constitutional and regulatory bases for such regulation, and formulate a strategy by which an  impacted business can influence or contest regulating outcomes. * APA * process of regulation promulgation * Legal challenges to regulations (recall our Week 2 assignment, especially #5) TCO C: Given an example of corporate liability arising from the sale of defective and dangerous products, develop a business strategy that includes ethical considerations to minimize liability for claims of product liability and breach of warranty. * Strict Liability 402A – know the elements, relate them to the facts! * Negligence – don’t forget to cite the elements and relate them to the facts! * Warranties – again, expressed and implied, and relate them to the facts. * Defenses to all of these clai ms – don’t forget to use our terms: contributory negligence, assumption of risk, comparative negligence; relate them to the facts! TCO D: Given a business requirement to form a contract for the sale of goods and services to a customer, define the elements of a contract, and determine whether a duly formed contract is enforceable under the common law or Uniform Commercial Code. * Contract formation – remember the elements! * Contract performance * Defenses to contract performance * TCO E: Given specified circumstances of an employment relationship, determine the circumstances under which an employer is liable to an employee for employment discrimination or wrongful discharge. Creation of the agency relationship, including respondeat superior, negligent hiring, etc. * Responsibilities of the agent and principal * Theories of discrimination under Title VII – disparate treatment, impact; don’t forget sexual harassment, which is also covered, as well as age under the ADEA * Defenses to a Title VII charge * Enforcement of Title VII * TCO F: Given specified circumstances of business ownership of real and intellectual property, evaluate the rights of business to the protection of its property and the obligations arising out of the use of the property. Theories to protect business intellectual property (patents, copyright, etc. ) * Know the difference between appropriation (a privacy tort) and misappropriation (trade secrets). * Enforcement of business property rights (e. g. , product disparagement, trademark infringement, etc. ) * Defenses to these claims * TCO G: Given examples of anticompetitive or unfair trade practices, apply applicable antitrust or other consumer protection laws, and determine appropriate business strategies to prevent trade practices liabilities. Statutory protections for consumers * Bankruptcy * Restraints of trade * TCO H: Given a conflict between corporate stakeholders over a business decision, evaluate the legal and ethical responsibilities of corporate directors, officers, and controlling shareholders. * Duties and obligations of directors of a corporation * Insider Trading – be sure you know the elements * TCO I: Given specified circumstances of a business decision to expand to international markets, determine what international legal requirements or regulatory controls apply. Principles of international law * Resolution of international disputes * Jurisdiction in a private action between citizens or companies of different countries – understand sovereign immunity and how it applies and who may use it as a defense. * Jennings’s Article â€Å"Why an International Code of Ethics Would be Good† 9. Areas that were discussed in the threads will be prime targets. 10. Assignments will also be prime targets for revisiting. Finally, if you have any questions for me, please post them to our Q;A, or email me. Good luck on the exam!

Liberty University Bibl 410 Genesis Module 2 Study...

LMODULE TWO THE CREATION OF MAN Bible Topics | * The Origin of Man * The Nature of Man * The Dominion of Man * The Environment of Man | People to Know | Places to Know | Terms to Know | AdamEve | Garden of Eden | EvolutionTheistic EvolutionSpecial CreationSoulBreath of lifeUsImage of GodDominion | Study Questions Answer the following questions (based on the reading), save it and then submit it to the professor. 1. Define Evolution. Evolution as represented in Darwinism and Neo-Darwinism simply asserts that all living organisms arose from one living simple cell. 2. Define Theistic Evolution. Theistic Evolution asserts that God ordered and directed the evolutionary process. He may have directly†¦show more content†¦15. What does Davis say that seems to be a better translation for â€Å"gods† in 3:5? Why? Davis translation for â€Å"gods† in Genesis 3:5 is Elohim because it can be translated as God or â€Å"gods†. 16. What is the sequence of the temptation and fall? The sequence of temptation is the lust of the Flesh. The second is the lust of the eye’s, and the third is the pride of life. 17. Give an example of a wrong interpretation of what â€Å"eating forbidden fruit† means? Why should this interpretation be rejected? Some have said that â€Å"eating forbidden fruit fruits† is a parallel for sexual intercourse. This is rejected because God created male and female in compatability to be fruitful and multiply. 18. What is depravity all about? Depravity is about knowing evil but being unable to resist it. 19. What were Adam and Eve attempting to do when they made â€Å"fig leaves† clothes (other than covering their nakedness)? Adam and Eve were attempting to cover their shame of sin. 20. Where is the first mention of the virgin birth of Christ? The first mention of the virgin birth is in Genesis 3:15. 21. How is God’s grace exhibited in this chapter? God’s grace is exhibited in this chapter because he sought His creation, He promised a savior; He clothed His creation; and He removed the temptation of sin (the tree of knowledge of good and evil). 22. What does the