What Were the Old Names for the Months in Japanese

My Family Definition - 1396 Words

In my family, our interpretation of what family means is not your typical dictionary definition. When I think of family I think of the unity we have, our unity brings us all together and doesn’t just consist of people in our house hold. Anyone who needed a family knew that they had it in our house hold. Friends became family even though they weren’t blood related. We never had a reason not to care for someone just because they were blood family. I would personally define my family as an airplane. My mother is the body of the plane, my father the pilot, my brother the wings, the passengers are the people that become family, and I am the navigation system. I define my family as an airplane, because each of us have an important part in the†¦show more content†¦He is one of the biggest guidance in my life. He has helped my family and I financially, emotionally, physically, with all our problems. My father united our family, when my parents were still together he wo uld have everyone come over to our house, and if anyone was not getting along he would make sure that by the end of the night everyone was united. He taught my family and I to always help one another. He helped me learn the meaning of responsibilities, even if he was not around. At the age of 17 my father gave me a credit card. He taught me the true meaning of responsibility and how to be aware of my financial situation. He showed me the importance of paying bills on time, and how credit cards have interest rates. He also taught me how not paying bills can lower your credit score. At that age I was unconcerned about my responsibilities, but as I got older I realized the value of knowing these qualities. He always makes sure to keep the family calm through a storm and always makes sure we are safe even at the hardest time. My brother is the wings in the family. He is strong and holds the family together. He has helped our family come together and guide us through emotional times in o ur life. He has uplifted our family through the strongest winds. Just like the wings on the plane he is always on the side watching and guiding, steering our family and liftingShow MoreRelatedFamily Definition with Classification Essay1322 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿My Definition of Family with Classification The definition of â€Å"family† may differ from one person to the next. Even the various dictionaries have multiple definitions for the simple yet ever so complex word. The Oxford English Dictionary’s etymology of the word family comes from the Middle French famile, beginning in 1337 with family being defined as a group of people living under the same roof, household, in 1442-44 included a group of people related by blood, 1580 a group of people relatedRead MoreThe American Dream996 Words   |  4 PagesMy definition of American Dream If we ask most Americans what is the American Dream? the common answers are to become successful, rich, owning houses, cars and etc. In other countries, many people see America as a land of opportunities for a better life and that is the reason why they come here. Every individual who come to America have their goals or dreams that they want to fulfill in life that they can not fulfill in their own country. 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According to Mary Patricia Treuthart, author of â€Å"Adopting a more realistic definition of family† in the 1990’s the appropriate definition of family was  "a breadwinner-husband and a homemaker-wife who live with their biologicalRead MoreThe Perfect Family Is Not Always The Case For Everyone Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesHow can a definition be given to a phrase that has a different meaning for everyone? When someone thinks of what a perfect family is, chances are it looks like a mother, father, and kids all living together. This ideal scenario is not always the case for everyone. There are many circumstances that people are placed in, which would limit them from being able to fit in this stereotypical connotation. A perfect family is normally defined as a group with two parents and their kids, but for anyone whoRead More Why There is no Model Family? Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Family Aint Shit†: Why There is no Model Family A picture that pops into mind when one thinks of the term â€Å"family†: Mother prepares dinner, Father comes home from a hard day’s work, and the children walk into the house from school. The group sits at the dinner table and discusses the day’s activities with a genuine smile on their faces. Everything for this family is perfect. This example is just a traditional family portrait and is far from the reality of many modern families. It is so far fromRead MoreFamily And Family Development Perspectives Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesEnduring Families Over the past few decades the rapidly growing trend has been a debate between whether families are declining or enduring. In my opinion families are enduring through massive changes they go through based on influences such as ecological and family development perspectives. The interactions between the nuclear family and the extended family have grown over the years. Most people that I know, their families have â€Å"family reunions† in order to re connect with distant loved ones andRead MoreMental Illness : An Element Of Human Nature1040 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience, predisposition, etc.) each individual encounters. For me, my viewpoint of mental illness developed over time and has changed drastically over the years. As my interactions with those suffering from a mental illness have increased, the biases I had about mental illness have dissolved. New anxieties have formed, with these changes, in my perception around working with individuals with a mental illness. For the sake of my career and personal health, I will overcome these anxieties or learnRead MoreNotes On Autism Spectrum Disorder1656 Words   |  7 Pages1943 described children who shared high intelligence, a preference for being alone, and an â€Å"obsessive insistence on the preservation of sameness† (New England Journal). In 1944, Hans Asperger, a Viennese child psychologist, published the first definition of Asperger syndrome. He did so by identifying patterns of behaviors and abilities that he called, autistic psychopathy.† The pattern included â€Å"a lack of empathy,† little ability to form relationships, one sided conversations, intense absorptionRead MoreValue and Meaning in Rober Nozick ´s The Examined Life Essay1411 Words   |  6 Pageswords in his chapter titled Value and Meaning and how we use their definitions in the dimension we know to be as reality. Value, defined by Nozick, is a word that gives an object meaning to a person or something that has one’s own intrinsic specialty. Meaning on the other hand, is defined to be having a connection beyond the boundaries of value. Both words can relate to each other and yet still have much more meaning than the definitions that are provided. Looking further into Nozick’s observations of

Communication and Mannerism Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication and Mannerism. Answer: The method of interaction, communication and mannerism among people who are in a group can be referred to as organizational behavior. It is usually a study that is conducted to encourage and increase the efficiency of an organization. Organizational behavior is studied to analyze and understand and implement the tactics while managing the resources of the organization so that there is an increase in motivation and productivity (Wood 2016). There are several concepts in organizational behavior in human resource that is used to increase the efficiency of the individuals in a group. Some of the topics which are studies in organizational behavior have a direct influence on increasing productivity and performance of the resource, improving the level of job satisfaction, promoting leadership and encouraging creativity along with innovation. Organizational behaviors have two fold to the concept first the nature of an individual and second the nature of an institution (Christina et al. 2014) . Various concepts are applied by the management of the organization so that the desired result of the policies can be achieved. Some of the approaches and policies include restructuring the members of the groups, modifying and implementing a resource friendly method of performance evaluation and upgrading compensation policies and many more (Shafritz, Ott and Jang 2015). Management and the executives of an organization along with the human resource department can take decisions and policies to make the work culture more efficient for the employees. Organizational behavior helps the management understand the culture of the business and paves the way to find out the facilities or hindrances in the productivity of the resources of the origination. It also influences the hiring process of the enterprise as it helps the human resource department to clearly state the prerequisites of the vacancy. Organizational behavior helps the management lay down guidelines for the smooth operation on a daily basis (Pinder 2014). Some of the importances of organizational behavior are: it provides a set of guidelines for the management to operate. Study and analysis of organizational behavior have a major influence on significant organizational events, it can also help to predict future events and take precautionary measure when and if necessary. Motivation is one of the key factors in organizational behavior theory; it helps the managers of the human resource to inspire and to understand the challenges and grievances faced by the staff. It also helps in maintaining pleasant relation with third parties and customers of the organization. It is very important for an organization to develop goodwill both with the customers and the people of the industry in order to do that (Demirtas and Akdogan 2015). Attitude is the emotional and behavioral pattern of an individual or a group of people to reciprocate towards any object, incident, idea or any other people or person. It is generally a persistent propensity to behave in a certain manner. The ABC model of attitude explains that there are three basic components of attitude: Affective, behavioral and cognitive. Affective attitude is can be referred to as the way one is affected by a situation, circumstance, idea or any other person. For example: Sally is scared of dogs. In this example we discuss about how dogs affect sally. Behavioral component is the tendency if an individual to act towards an attitude. For example: if sally is scared of dogs she will run away from it. Cognitive Component is the thought that is associated with an attitude (Demirtas and Akdogan 2015). Formation of attitude is due to the influences of various kinds in the lives of an individual like family and friends, colleagues at workplace, socio economic state of t he person, religious and cultural background of the person and many more. Attitude does not predict the behavioral outcome of a person unless there are specific circumstances like when attitude is observed on behalf of the behavior of a third person (van Harreveld, Nohlen and Schneider 2015). As attitude may have positive or negative influence in a situation, Commitment, content, friendliness are some of the positive attitude of an individual at work place which reflects in the way they behave like talking in polite manner, not loosing temper easily, enjoying work and encouraging people around. On the other hand, boredom, irritation and discontentment leads to negative behavior of like losing temper and screaming at people, lack of dedication and negatively influencing people. Attitude and behavior are two different aspect of a human being. Attitude is the inner conception and ideas he or she has about something. Behavior on the other hand is the outer portrayal of the attitude he or she has (Biggs, Brough and Barbour 2014). At the work place there are certain circumstances where attitude determines the behavioral pattern of an individual like: when there is a change in some policies of the company. If a person has a cynical attitude towards everything he or she will defiantly not be able to implement changes in the organization in a welcoming way. For example: the management has taken a decision to change the shift timings, a person with poor attitude will discourage this decision and at the same time discourage others who are considering the shift timings change in a positive way. Many times poor attitude and negative outlook towards organizational decisions give rise to internal conflict which in turn decreases productivity (Gin Choi, Kwon and Kim 2013). Attitude is important and useful for a person when the attitude of positive in nature it drives a person to work better and ensures high performance without any external push or influence. A resource with positive attitude will also make others around him or her gather a positive outlook towards any situation in the organization (Baldonado 2015). Attitude helps an employee adapt to the policies and the environment of the company he or she is working in, it makes the adjustment process way easier for both the parties. Attitude is also important because it helps an individual build and maintains a self-image which in turn helps in promoting the process of growth of an individual in the organization. Values are another significant aspect of attitude a person with values will counteract with a person who has no value and that may be productive or harmful for the organization based on the hierarchy of the people involved (Hlsheger et al. 2013). Job satisfaction is the level of content that a person has achieved while working for an organization, it is the degree of optimistic attitudes that an individuals have towards their jobs. It is the one of the main reasons as to why a resource is retained or is leaving his or her job. Some of the factors that affect job satisfaction are as follows: organizational factors- remuneration and incentive plans, growth and developmental scope and the decisions and the policies that are made by the company. Work environment- peers and colleagues, relation with the seniors as well as the juniors, physical and mental conditions of that are required by the employee. Nature of the job- if the work that the employee is engaged in is not pleasing him or her; or doesnt cater to his or her forte then it may be difficult for him to continue with the job. Lastly personal reasons- there can be a lot of reasons why a certain job does not satisfy an individual like mental stress, physical stress, age of the person and many more. Hence, there is a lot of scope to gather knowledge about the factors that determine a persons job satisfaction or organizational commitment level of a person (Braun et al. 2013). It is very important for the managers to ensure that the employees are committed towards the institution where they are working. If the attitude of an individual does not reflect positivity towards organizational commitment then motivational and inspirational events has to be arranged for the improvement and betterment of the morale of the employee. The managers have to understand and research about the reasons as to why an employee is unsatisfied with the work which factor in the above list is absent form that particular employee (Wong and Laschinger 2013). Job satisfaction or organizational commitment is a positive attitude of an employee that manifests in the better productivity, improved adjustments, and enhanced motivational outlook of the employee along with encouraging others towards positivity. Usually in an organization an individual works in a team that is lead by one or more managers a positive attitude is very essential to be a team player and to be on the same page as the management of the organization so that there is a mutual benefit from the equilibrium situation. Organization behavior study allows the managers to understand and get an insight about the level of job satisfaction and the way to bring out the positive attitude of an employee so that there is better productivity form the resource. References: Baldonado, A.M., 2015. Workplace fun: Learning from google, southwest airlines, and facebook.International Journal,15. Biggs, A., Brough, P. and Barbour, J.P., 2014. Enhancing work-related attitudes and work engagement: A quasi-experimental study of the impact of an organizational intervention.International Journal of Stress Management,21(1), p.43. Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. and Frey, D., 2013. Transformational leadership, job satisfaction, and team performance: A multilevel mediation model of trust.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), pp.270-283. Christina, S., Dainty, A., Daniels, K. and Waterson, P., 2014. How organisational behaviour and attitudes can impact building energy use in the UK retail environment: a theoretical framework.Architectural Engineering and Design Management,10(1-2), pp.164-179. Demirtas, O. and Akdogan, A.A., 2015. The effect of ethical leadership behavior on ethical climate, turnover intention, and affective commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,130(1), pp.59-67. Gin Choi, Y., Kwon, J. and Kim, W., 2013. Effects of attitudes vs experience of workplace fun on employee behaviors: Focused on Generation Y in the hospitality industry.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,25(3), pp.410-427. Hlsheger, U.R., Alberts, H.J., Feinholdt, A. and Lang, J.W., 2013. Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction.Journal of Applied Psychology,98(2), p.310. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Shafritz, J.M., Ott, J.S. and Jang, Y.S., 2015.Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. van Harreveld, F., Nohlen, H.U. and Schneider, I.K., 2015. Chapter Five-The ABC of Ambivalence: Affective, Behavioral, and Cognitive Consequences of Attitudinal Conflict.Advances in experimental social psychology,52, pp.285-324. Wong, C.A. and Laschinger, H.K., 2013. Authentic leadership, performance, and job satisfaction: the mediating role of empowerment.Journal of advanced nursing,69(4), pp.947-959. Wood, J.M., Zeffane, R.M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., McKeown, T., Schermerhorn, J.R., Hunt, J.G. and Osborn, R.N., 2016.Organisational behaviour: Core concepts and applications. John Wiley Sons Australia, Ltd.

Case Study on BHP Billiton †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Case Study on BHP Billiton. Answer: Introduction: In order to sustain growth in the competitive global market, it has become necessary for the companies to think of certain market strategies. These strategies are greatly depended on the internal and external environment in which the company operates. Thus, it becomes really vital to analyze the internal and external situation of the company prior setting the strategic plans. It is only after understanding the needs and demands of the consumers of the market, a company would be able to design their product or services aligned to the same requirement (Cardeal Antonio, 2012). The discussion is based on the analysis of the strategic issues and strategic options available to BHP Billiton. This would be done on the basis on evaluating the resources of the company. An analysis of the resources on the basis of resources, acceptability, and coherent, effective and sustainable framework of the company will be done. Among the various strategic options available to the company, the best choice of the available strategies will also be analysed. It has become important for the company bring strategic changes in their operation to meet the demand of the dynamic environment. Contemporary situation of BHP Billiton: BHP Billiton is a leading global resource company. It is an Australian company dealing associate with mining and petroleum products. It is headquartered in Melbourne. BHP Billiton is the largest mining company in the globe. The company operates in a diverse market with a rich quality asset portfolio. It deals with both conventional and non-conventional resources such as coal and uranium, and oil and natural gas to mention a few products. This can be regarded as the core competency of the firm. This diverse nature of the business along with low expenditure helps the company to keep their financial position strong. It is one of the advantages that the company takes benefit of this. However, the company is facing recent challenges due to the growing competition in the market is creating threat for the company. Again, the company is facing competitive issues and fall in demand in the market of China, which is an important market for the company to operate (BHP Billiton, 2016). Strategic issues of BHP Billiton: BHP Billitons strategies are based on the diversification of the resources and commodities available to the company. The company has a diverse market operating in wide geographical region. The company operates under a fixed strategic framework. The company focuses in satisfying the need of the customers. They focus greatly towards the quality of the materials that they use. The company has a low cost, expandable and diverse nature of commodities that makes the company a successful one in the market (Fullan, 2014). However, in the contemporary situation, due to increasing number of competition and certain uncertainty as well, the company has to confront with certain strategic issues. These can be discussed as under: Reduction in per unit cost: In the current situation, there has been reduction in the labour cost per unit in the market. Due to this, the company had to suffer great loss in the market because of the reduction of the expected business of the company (Knott, 2015). Continuous optimization reduced expected share: With continuous optimization of a number of competitors and new entrants in the market, the share of the company has been observed to get reduced (Hay Marsh, 2016). This has created inefficiency in the strategic planning of the management of the company. Market volatility: There has been standard reduction in the return of the product in the market. On one side, there has been considerable rise of the price of the raw materials but on the other hand there has been no such valuable return from the market. This has also resulted in the strategic issues of the company (Lestari, Ismail Mansur, 2014). Geopolitical instability: The world is witnessing the instability of the geo political condition. There has been regular interventions and creation of chaotic condition among the government of various countries. As a result of which, many companies have to suffer in their business. Same kind of scenario has been witnessed by BHP Billiton as well (Morrison Sacchetto, 2014). This has also become one of the crucial issues in framing the strategy of the company. Other issues: Apart from these issues, the company also faces certain internal issues regarding the employees management. It has been pointed out that it is due to the lack of proper training that the skills of the labour are not rectified properly (Jeppesen et al., 2015). The probable outcome of the effective production from the employees is not achieved for the same reason. Strategic option available: In order to understand the strategic options available to a company understanding the internal and external environment is important. Internal analysis is done to explore the competencies of an organization on the basis of its cost position and competitive viability in the market of operation (Scott, 2013). When an internal environmental analysis is done, the company is able to understand its strengths and weaknesses along with the opportunities and strengths available for the company. The data and information gathered from the analysis help the company to develop the strategic planning to sustain and grow in the operating market (Morrison Sacchetto, 2014). The RACES framework can be evaluated for understanding the strategic options available to the company. Resources: Resources are of two types, tangible and intangible. Tangible resources are the employees and staffs working for the company. The materials available for the company to operate are also the tangible resources. On the other hand, intangible resources are the service and the threats of the competitors that the company has to confront with (Collan et al., 2014). A company is availed with various types of resources that help them to judge their position in the market and their ability to compete with the competitors. At the time of setting the strategies for the company, it is expected that the management should keep a good account of the resources available to them. The resources of BHP Billiton include human resource, capital and financial capabilities, goods and equipments needed for carrying out their business activities. Branding and loyalty are also counted as the resources of the company. The borrowing capacity of the firm, counted as one of the tangible resources also adds benefits to the company (Hay Marsh, 2016). The management is very efficient and uses the intangible resources such as the trademark, trade secrets and copyrights of the materials and equipment available to the company. In fact, motivation and rewarding programs of the employees can also be regarded under the intangible resources of the company. Acceptable: Every organization has a number of stakeholders whose views typically vary from the view point of the management of the organization. The strategies put forwarded by the company would be able to make changes in the thinking of the consumers and make them acceptable among them, is what known as the acceptable or acceptability factor a company. It is more often related to the acceptability of the stakeholders of the company (Hartmann, 2016). In order to gain financial stability and control over the funding of the business, it is much required to get hold of the acceptability factor of the stakeholders. In case of Billiton, it might be bringing to limelight that the relationship with the stakeholders of the company is quiet efficient and the company has been operating under a peaceful and unified condition. The strategies or plans brought by the management of the team are put into operation only when the members are in favour the plan. Coherent: For the sake of continuing with the process of value chain and the culture and architecture of the operation of the business of the company, it is necessary to fix the criteria based on which the job has to be done. Coherent is defined as the fixed strategic options that the companies use to operate in the market. Brand value and reputation plays a vital role in shaping the image of the company or firm (Pieterse, 2015). This factor is also considered as one of the assets of the company. Culture and architecture of the organization also has some part to play in the coherent culture of the organization. It has to be included in this fact that it is also required to understand that a company should not overload itself in the process of value chain. As recommended by Ackermann and Eden, (2010), a company should not be overloaded with the process of manufacturing and positioning of the product of the company. BHP Billiton operates on supply chain. However, the management of the company is capable enough to tackle the situation of the value based and supply chain analysis. The company take active note of the use of technology in the regular operation of their work. All these factors add to the better coherent condition of the company. Effective: As suggested by Eden and Ackermann, (2012), the effectiveness of the strategies applied by the companies, it is expected that all the strategic plans cannot have the same level of effectiveness. Values derived from the knowledge and not from the materials available to the company are regarded as the core competencies of the firm. The strategies undertaken by the company are very effective towards framing a better business model. Effective approaches have been made towards increasing the effectiveness of the employees in the company. For the sake of improving their output, they are given proper training. In fact, to motivate the employees to come out with better results, incentive and better pay options are also offered to them. Sustainable: Sustainability indicates the thinking of an organization towards the betterment of the environment. As stated by Rosenhead and Mingers, (2012), it is a responsibility of the companies operating in the market to think of all the possible ways that they can made to improve the condition of the degrading environment. Sustainability approach is necessary to leave a better planet for the future. Importance of sustainability cannot be neglected in the current situation of degrading condition of the environment. Same kind of sustainability approaches are made by BHP. They keep great focus in the types of materials that they use for the extraction of the resources (Beck, 2015). Apart from this, the company also focus on the health and security of the workers working in the mines for the extraction of the minerals. With the above analysis, it can be easily said that there are lot of strategic options available for the company to use it for the betterment of the function and operation of the company. Using the available strategy, the company can easily serve the prospected customers and the need of the company can be met easily. Strategic choice: BHP Billiton has the capability to fight with the strategic issues faced by the company. Capabilities are seen as the capability of the firm to use the resources available to them efficiently. When a firm is able to use its resources, it shows the potential of the firm to achieve their desired objectives. It depends greatly on the capability of the management team to make use of the resources available to them to achieve their goal and target in the business. As pointed out by Hjorts, (2014), correct integration and interaction of the stake holders of the company will be able to avail ultimate success to the company. It is expected that a firm would use the combination of both tangible and intangible resources for carrying out their business activities to satisfy the need of the customers. The capability of BHP Billiton cannot be declined. The company has been operating for a long time and is one of the reputed and successful companies in its industrial sector. Both human resource and the force and equipment available to the company are used with great efficiency to fight against the increasing competitive nature of the market (Dobrzykowski, Hong Soon Park, 2012). The company ensures to take complete advantage of the tangible and the intangible resources available to them. It can be said that among the various strategic options available to the company, using the human resource and the availability of the capital and financial strength would help the organization to gain better results of the strategic options that the company wants to apply. With the available resources, there is great opportunity for the company to expand in various others markets and not limited to those places where the company is already operating (Liu et al., 2013). Thus, the problems faced by the company in China can be easily neglected if a better market is selected for spreading their wings. Justification of the choice: The company has good reputation in the domestic market and using the same available tangible resource, the company can capture the market much easily than that would be for a new or not established company. Again, in this respect, it can be mentioned that in the age of globalization and open market economy, prosperous approach towards expanding the business in various part of the globe can be easily done (Wilden, Devinney Dowling, 2013). The effectiveness of the management of the company cannot be denied and using the same approach, betterment in the structure and culture of the organization can be checked. It is recommended that a better cultural approach can be made towards shaping the organizational structure. In the era of globalization, quick response from the authority of the company is required. Thus, it can be recommended that the company must not follow a particular hierarchical structure in the management and authority of the company. The employees should be recognised and depending on their capability, they are to be recognized. Focus is to be made towards the use of the materials and other equipment for the working and operation of the company. More approach should be made towards the sustainability of the environment. Apart from that, the companies should make approaches towards carrying out Corporate Social Responsibility and Public Relations. There is no doubt that any kind of approach taken towards CSR and Public relations activities are bound to produce better results for the company. All these activities help to improve the image and reputation of the company. In the age of intense competition, creating a good reputation with the consumers helps the organization to create brand loyalty. In accordance to it, there lay a great opportunity for the company to prosper in the market. Conclusion: The capability of the firm, to fight against the challenges and the strategic issues cannot be declined. A detail analysis has been made of the various approaches made by the company towards strengthening the strategic framework and operates in a competitive and dynamic environment. A detail analysis of the various strategic issues faced by the company in the domestic and in international front as well has been analysed. The options available to the company have been evaluated and then as per understanding, better choice of the available options can be made to use for creating better situation for the company to prosper in the market. To win in a game, planning is worthwhile. To be successful, is to know the talent and resources and take the best advantage from them. For any company, competition and profitability are equally important. Objectives of a firm can easily be fulfilled when the firm evaluate the strategic options and take advantage of them. The internal environmental analysis of the firm helped to understand the availability of the resources of the firm to determine the various approaches that the firm might use to improve the existing strategic options available to them. Reference list: Ackermann, F., Eden, C. (2010). Strategic options development and analysis. InSystems approaches to managing change: A practical guide(pp. 135-190). Springer London. Beck, U. (2015).What is globalization. John Wiley Sons. BHP Billiton. (2016).Bhpbilliton.com. Cardeal, N., Antonio, N. S. (2012). Valuable, rare, inimitable resources and organization (VRIO) resources or valuable, rare, inimitable resources (VRI) capabilities: What leads to competitive advantage?.Cardeal, N., Antnio, (2012), 10159-10170. Collan, M., Freiling, J., Kylheiko, K., Roemer, E. (2014). Entrepreneurship and the art of tackling technological crises: a strategic real options framework.International Journal of Technology Intelligence and Planning,10(2), 166-185. Dobrzykowski, D. D., Hong, P. C., Soon Park, J. (2012). Building procurement capability for firm performance: A service-dominant logic view. Benchmarking: An International Journal,19(4/5), 567-584. Eden, C., Ackermann, F. (2012). Strategic options development and analysis: the principles. Fullan, M. (2014).Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Hartmann, A. M. (2016). Strategic Options for MNEs Operating in Emerging Markets. InMultinational Enterprise Management Strategies in Developing Countries(pp. 34-49). IGI Global. Hay, C., Marsh, D. (Eds.). (2016).Demystifying globalization. Springer. Hjorts, C. N. (2014). Enhancing public participation in natural resource management using Soft ORan application of strategic option development and analysis in tactical forest planning.European Journal of Operational Research,152(3), 667-683. Jeppesen, K. K., Carrington, T., Catasus, B., Johnsen, ., Reichborn-Kjennerud, K., Vakkuri, J. (2015). The Strategic Options of Supreme Audit Institutions: The Case of Four Nordic Countries.Financial Accountability Management, Forthcoming. Knott, P. J. (2015). Does VRIO help managers evaluate a firms resources?.Management Decision,53(8), 1806-1822. Lestari, H., Ismail, R., Mansur, A. (2014, April). Organizational Culture in Manufacturing Company: Study Case of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Central Java, Indonesia. InApplied Mechanics and Materials(Vol. 493, pp. 486-491). Liu, P., Zhao, R. Y., Wang, W. L., Xiao, J. (2013, July). Information technology capability and firm performance: A meta-analysis. InService Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM), 2013 10th International Conference on(pp. 719-724). IEEE. Morrison, C., Sacchetto, D. (2014). Labour migration between Russia and Italy: from strategic options to geography of needs.Work and the challenges of belonging: Migrants in globalizing economies, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 28-51. Pieterse, J. N. (2015).Globalization and culture: Global mlange. Rowman Littlefield. Rosenhead, J., Mingers, J. (2012).Rational analysis for a problematic world revisited. John Wiley and Sons. Scott, A. (Ed.). (2013).The limits of globalization. Routledge. Wilden, R., Devinney, T. M., Dowling, G. R. (2013, January). The architecture of dynamic capability research: A scientometric investigation. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 11807). Academy of Management.

Zebra Muscles in the Hudson River Essay Example

Zebra Muscles in the Hudson River Essay Zebra Mussels in the Hudson River There is a large population of zebra mussels in the Hudson River. The zebra mussel migrated from Europe on the bottom of boats. This organisms population has greatly increased in the last few years and is causing many problems for the environment. The zebra mussel has a very negative effect on the environment surrounding the Hudson River because they are depleting the food supply of the fish, causing changes in the water, and taking up a lot of room. The Zebra Mussel is rapidly decreasing the food supply for fish in the river. There are many microorganisms in the river whos numbers have been affected by the ntroduction of the Zebra Mussel. For instance, the number of phytoplankton has been decreased by eighty two percent since the mussels were introduced in 1992 (river ecology pg. 8). With the decrease of these organisms, the fish species are suffering from a shortage of food. This is causing them to die off, decreasing the numbers of species that habitat the river. If the river loses all of its fish, it will cause a huge change in the environment surrounding it. With the phytoplankton at the lower end of the food chain, the small fish feed on them; the large fish feed on the small ish, and the larger animals in and around the river feed on the large fish. With the decrease of all of these food supplies, there will be a decrease of all of the species in the area. Not only is the decreased food supply an issue, but the zebra mussels are causing changes in the water of the Hudson River. We will write a custom essay sample on Zebra Muscles in the Hudson River specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zebra Muscles in the Hudson River specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zebra Muscles in the Hudson River specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer For example, there are three main Abiotic factors, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and suspended solids. Dissolved oxygen is a very important factor in the survival of organisms in the river. Studies show that Both producers and consumers (like zebra mussels) take up oxygen during respiration causing oxygen levels to drop. Zebra mussels also reduce oxygen levels by eating producers (like phytoplankton) that release 02 during photosynthesis (river ecology pg. 5). This effect that the zebra mussels have is a very negative effect. The reduced oxygen levels will make it so animals can no longer live in the river. This causes the area to lose a major food supply to the larger animals surrounding it. This will have a huge impact on the environment and the food chain. Along with the decreased food supply, and the changes to the water, zebra mussels also take up a lot of room in the river. Since they have been introduced, there have een a decreased number of other organisms for many reasons, with one being that there Just isnt enough room for all of the different species. Scientists say that if you had a huge balance and put zebra mussels on one side, they would outweigh all the other consumers in the ecosystem combined. (River ecology pg. 6). With the zebra mussels taking up over half of the population of the river, there isnt much room left for other organisms. The lack of diversity in the river is a huge problem to the food chain, because once a species no longer exists, it is hard for larger animals to find a ew supply of food. This again will cause a decrease in surrounding animals, and could even cause some animals to become extinct. In conclusion, the zebra mussel has a very negative effect on the environment surrounding the Hudson River because taking up a lot of room. If the number of zebra mussels isnt decreased, the Hudson River could be facing a huge problem. It is slowly losing its specie variety, the 02 levels are decreasing, and the river is being filled with more and more of this organism. If this isnt controlled, this area could have a large problem on their hands in the near future.

Abortion2 essays

Abortion2 essays This topic has always been a concern between the people and the government. There are approximately 1.6 million abortions. Abortion means Induced termination of pregnancy and expulsion of an embryo or fetus that is incapable of survival. I think that basically, people can do whatever they want to do, as long as they know what they are doing. What abortion is, is that if a woman has a baby in her stomach, and she does not want to have the baby, she can go through abortion or have the baby and put the baby for adoption. The main reason for aborting a baby is because that they can not handle the responsibility, another one is because they can not afford it. There are three stages in a womans pregnancy. The first stage is when the baby is still a small egg kind of growing. The second stage is when it actually gets their feet and hands and a heart. The third stage is when it is actually living off of your body as another human being. think that if you are too young to have a ba by, and you are pregnant, then I think it should be ok for the person to abort the child. One of the side effects for having an abortion is that you feel the pain and you can get diarrhea, nausea, also it increases chances of getting cancer, anemia, and lung disease. Another effect that has on the women is the psychological effects. About ninety five percent of the women who had an abortion had a negative psychological effect, and ninety seven percent thought they have taken a humans life. There are many ways to abort a child, most of the time the doctor would just prescribe medication to take. If medication does not work, they will pull it out. Most of the time, the medication would kill the baby and the woman would just have to give birth to a dead baby, or they can make it so that you have a miscarriage. However, if the baby is in its first trimester, a vacuum can suck it and it will have hardly any damage to yo ...

Summarise this text. What was child saving What impact did it have in Essay

Summarise this text. What was child saving What impact did it have in shaping the creation of juvenile justice in Great Britain Discuss with reference to the - Essay Example The discovery of the concept of adolescence by Rousseau in 1760 who compared adolescence to a second birth mainly due emotional unrest leading to moral deterioration most particularly in the aspect of sex, hence suggested that the youth must be confined and segregated from adult life as long as possible. However, Musgrove contested this idea who attributed the youth's moral decline to prolonged education granted to upper class students and apprentices in the late 18th century which was later debated on as to whether the male youth education be done at home or in public schools. Thus, giving birth to the state of adolescence in mid 19th century but only to the bourgeoisie while to the labouring group, the issue was immaterial until the late 19th century where the beginning of compulsory state education to the age of 13. At this stage, the issue on adolescence was attributed to the failure of the family or labour to control them leading to a more negative implication. By the turn of the 19th century, adult supervision and control on all behaviour of youngsters of all classes was necessary because of the natural aspect of adolescence and not on the social norms of a particular class of society However, in the 20th century, the natural aspect of adolescence became contrary to the working class youth of this stage who had to work for survival hence rendering them to be more independent and less conforming to the idea of being "young' thus branded as "delinquent". According psychologist Granville Stanley Hall, adolescence is an upsetting stage because young people are torn between the opposite directions of primal childhood and rational and civilized state of adulthood. In 1880's, revival on the issue of rude and independent working youth due to the following factors: a.) the failure of urban working class family to discipline and exert its authoritarian duty over the youth regardless of whether they were working or not b.) independence from the family's supervision was gained by the working youth due to their ability to look for job and earn their own money Moreover, these working youth spend their leisure time on the streets that in the late 19th century, these leisure undertakings become less wholesome and undesirable like street gambling and football ( street gangs) which certainly result to minor offenses or delinquency and criminality. Thus reformers saw the need to undertaken measure to intervene between the working youth and their family so that control over these working-class adolescents can be set-up with the aim of getting back their dependency on their family, namely: 1.) Setting up of youth clubs to provide discipline, regulations and guidance which parent could not provide on the working youth especially the working class girls who were deemed socially undesirable due to too

Eric Rauchways Murdering McKinley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Eric Rauchways Murdering McKinley - Essay Example In his analysis of Mckinley’s murder, Rauchway wants the reader to understand the social and political struggles that faced the nation at the dawn of the 20th century and the solutions that got proposed. McKinley’s death arose many questions in regards to the nation’s culture and also led to far reaching changes in political and social institutions under Roosevelt’s administration. The rise of Roosevelt to power marked the progressive era in America’s history of the early 20th century. Under McKinley, the US had embodied the social and political conservatism castigated under his republican party at the end of the 19th century. The rapid industrialization under McKinley’s rule created social and political problems for the country. The rapid industrialization had led to the creation of a massive lowly paid labor force, and a high immigration rate that led to population growth and overpopulation in urban towns. McKinley’s assassination and the growing unrest from the populist movement forced Roosevelt to search for answers to these problems. Roosevelt like most American citizens at the time got caught up in trying to lace reason on the assassination of McKinley. Roosevelt tried to determine whether the reason for McKinley’s murder lay in the assassin or on the social conditions that created desperate people. Roosevelt proceeded careful ly in his plan to put the American industry under supervision. Roosevelt employed the controversy stirred by McKinley’s assassination to introduce America into the progressive era. America had become rapidly industrialized and urbanized and the progressive movement aimed to provide a response to the economic and social changes that were taking place at the time. Roosevelt pinpointed the great economic disparity, overcrowded cities, political dominance of the big businesses, and the poor working conditions as the problems that plagued industrial America. Roosevelt felt

Quantitative Methods for Business Report Outline

Quantitative Methods for Business Report - Outline Example Therefore, it is the quality of the employees, rather than their quantity, that affects how the business will perform. To establish which factors is likely to affect business profitability more, between the number of employees and the employees’ turnover in a business, a sample of 30 banking institutions was studied. The reason for selecting banking institutions is the fact that; banking institutions mainly deal with offering financial services to the customers (Gitman & McDaniel, 2009 p188). Additionally, banking institutions operates under a competitive industry, where poaching of employees by other banks, microfinance institutions or insurance companies is highly experienced. The banking sector also entails the offer of services, where the employees of the banks interact directly with the customers, a necessary factor in this study, since the level of customer satisfaction influences their confidence and loyalty to the business, and the consequent performance and profitability of the business (Aamodt, 2010 p395). Thus, the selection of banking institutions as the samples for this study pro vided the most plausible means of assessing how the employee turnover and the number of employees affect the profitability of the businesses. The analysis was undertaken by approaching the 30 different banking institutions, and requesting them for the data regarding the number of employees within the period 2005 to 2010. Additionally, the information regarding the number of employees who have been recruited by the institutions and the ones who have left the institutions, for other reasons other than retirement was collected. The information regarding the profitability of the businesses during this period was also collected. The study also entailed the collection of information regarding the training programs of the banking institutions, and the amount of resources they have been committing towards the training of any single employee. This

Itgc review of the foods fantastic company

Itgc review of the foods fantastic company Several months ago, you started working at a large public accounting firm as an IT staff auditor. You are currently working on your first assignment, an ITGC review of the Foods Fantastic Company (FFC). FFC is a publicly traded, regional grocery store chain, headquartered in Mason, Maryland, and includes 50 stores located in the mid-Atlantic area. The centralized data center is in Mason. FFC relies on an integrated suite of application programs that include state-of-the-art software to manage merchandise replenishment, store- level sales forecasting, and point-of-sale data. For example, FFC relies on bar code scanners and credit/debit card readers. To maintain its competitive edge in its market area, FFC recently implemented a fingerprint bio-coding payment system in all of its stores. This new systems implementation required that FFC change several of its general-ledger application programs; in particular, those related to its cash receipts processing. FFC does not use any outside s ervice organizations to provide its IT services. Sophie Ewing, the audit senior who heads up your team, decided that because of FFCs complex and sophisticated IT processing, an IT General Control (ITGC) review is man- datory to meet SAS 109s risk assessment procedures and SOX Section 404 Management Assessment of Internal Controls requirements. You know that an ITGC review is very important because ITGCs provide the foundation for reliance on any financial information FCCs systems produce. Your evaluation will affect the financial auditor in assessing the risk of material misstatement in FFCs financials, and consequently, the audit plan. At your first team meeting, Sophie announced that your firms network security specialists would review the technical issues related to FFCs internal controls. They will evaluate FFCs operating systems, its telecommunications software, and its network configuration and firewalls. In preparation for the meeting, Sophie encouraged you to review the key provisions included in SAS 109, SOX Section 404, applicable sections of PCAOB Auditing Standard No. 5, and your firms internal guidance, which groups ITGCs into the following five areas: IT management, systems development, data security, change management, and business continuity planning (BCP). IT managements key concepts include ITs position within the organization, whether IT goals are aligned with the organizations strategic goals, the use of an IT steering com- mittee, and whether the IT departments structure promotes proper segregation of duties to protect the organizations assets. Your primary concerns are: Does FFC have an IT strategic plan? To whom does the Chief Information Officer (CIO) report? What key responsibility areas report to the CIO? Does FFC have an IT steering committee? Is so, who are the members? Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 65 Systems Development The key concepts within systems development include the existence of a new systems implementation methodology, project management, pre- and post-implementation reviews, quality control, adequate testing, and demonstrated compliance with the selected imple- mentation methodology. Based on this understanding, your teams primary concerns are: Does FFC design, develop, and implement systems in a logical fashion? Does the organization consider internal controls as an integral part of systems design or does it retrofit them after implementation? To what extent is FFCs Internal Audit department involved in systems development activities? Is it part of the project review team? Is it a voting member of the team? In particular, how well did FFC manage the development and implementation of its new fingerprint bio-coding payment system? Data Security The critical concepts within data security include adherence to an established infor- mation security policy, access approval on a need-to-know basis, periodic rotation or change of access controls, monitoring, exception reporting, and incident response. Data security has both physical and logical aspects. On the physical side, data security includes physical access and environmental controls over the data center computer room. On the logical side, data security includes policies related to password configuration, change, and history re- strictions. Logical security also includes prompt review, modification, or removal of access due to personnel transfers, promotions, and terminations. Your teams primary concerns are: How well does FFC control physical access to its data center computer room? Is FFCs computer room adequately protected against environmental dangers, such as fire? Does FFC control logical access to its information systems? In particular, how does it control the logical access of terminated or transferred employees? Does FFC have a current IT security policy? Does FFC produce access violation reports? Do FFC IT personnel adhere to IT policy and follow IT procedures? For example, do appropriate personnel review any access violation reports and take the prescribed action? Change Management Change Managements key concepts include documented change procedures, user au- thorization and approval, separation of duties in implementing changes, management re- view, quality control, and adequate testing. Your audit teams primary concerns are: Does FFC have (and follow) formal change management procedures? In particular, did FFC follow these procedures when making any necessary changes to its current application programs because of the new bio-coding payment system? For example: Were the changes approved? Did the programmers adequately test the changes before putting them into production? Did the application programmer(s) that made the code changes, test the changes, and/or put them into production? Business Continuity Planning Key concepts of BCP are managements expectations regarding a timely recovery of processing capabilities, the existence of a written plan, the currency of the plan, offsite Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 66 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk storage of both the plan and data files, and testing of the plan. Your audit teams main concerns are: Does FFC have a written BCP plan? Is it current? When is the last time FFC tested its plan? Does FFC back up its software and data? How often? Where do they store the backups? Did FFC need to recover its systems using its backups during the past fiscal year? Information Collected During the ITGC Review Under Sophie Ewings direction, you and other members of the audit team worked very diligently reviewing FFCs policies and procedures, interviewing FFC client personnel, and observing FFCs various operations and procedures related to its ITGCs. First, your team created an organization chart to document the FFCs management structure (see Ex- hibit 1). Exhibit 2 reflects the information your team collected from interviews, observations, and reviews of corroborating documentation related to FFCs ITGCs. EXHIBIT 1 Foods Fantastic Company Organization Chart Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) Senior Vice President and Controller Senior Vice President, Internal Audit Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer (CIO) Senior Vice President and Treasurer Vice President, Applications Vice President, Operations Vice President, Information Security Vice President, Database Administration (Currently V acant) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 67 EXHIBIT 2 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Control (ITGC) Review Notes Notes from meetings with the Chief Financial Officer (CFO): Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) implemented a new bio-coding payment system in all of its stores this past fiscal year. FFCs IT Executive Steering Committee develops IT policies and reviews the overall operations of the IT department. The voting members of the committee are: 1. the Senior Vice President (SrVP) and Chief Information Officer (CIO) 2. the VP, Applications 3. the VP, Data Base Administration (DBA) 4. the VP, Operations 5. the VP, Information Security (IS) 6. the Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (CFO) 7. the SrVP, Internal Audit The IT Executive Steering Committee revised FFCs security policy in 2005. The policy addresses all organizational security issues including IT. FFC has no documented business continuity or disaster recovery plan. Management believes such a plan is cost-prohibitive for an organization of its size and FFC has never experienced any major business disruption. In case of disaster, the data center manager would retrieve the most recent backup tapes that are stored offsite. FFC would use these files to recover its systems. Notes from meetings with the SrVP, Internal Audit: FFCs Internal Audit Department is involved as a voting member of the project teams responsible for design, development, and implementation of new projects. Internal audit performs post- implementation reviews on all projects over $2 million. The new bio-coding payment system was 25 percent over its initial time budget and 40 percent over its initial dollar budget. Notes from meetings with the CIO: The VP, Applications is currently responsible for the DBA function. However, the CIO reviews the logs that show the actions of the Application VPs user ID. FFC has an IT strategic plan, which is consistent with its corporate strategic plan. The IT strategic plan outlines the objectives and strategies that the information systems group will implement to assist FFC in meeting its overall business objectives. FFC adopted Structured Systems Analysis and Design Methodology (SSADM), an industry- recognized standard for systems development and project management. All projects (buy or build) follow the applicable SSADM phases. The CIO periodically reviews each projects required budget-to-actual reconciliation. FFCs security policy states that the VP, IS is to conduct a user audit on a quarterly basis. The appropriate department manager reviews electronically submitted reports that list each users profile, note changes on the reports, and return the reports to the VP, IS. The VP then makes the appropriate modifications based on the returned reports. The VP maintains the reports, and initials and dates the report after completing all modifications. Notes from meetings with the VP, Human Resources: FFC is currently interviewing individuals to assume the DBAs responsibilities and hopes to hire someone within the next six to eight months. Aside from the security policy, management does not provide any formalized security awareness programs related to data security. Each month, the Human Resources department forwards a Transfers and Terminations report to the VP, IS. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 68 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Applications: The VP, Applications assigns a project manager and develops an initial time and dollar budget for each new development project. IT personnel adequately tested the new bio-coding payment system prior to its implementation. This testing included integration testing, stress testing, and user acceptance testing. User depart- ments corroborated their testing and acceptance of the new system. Application programmers do not have access to the computer room unless escorted by data center personnel (e.g., an operator). FFC instituted formal procedures for change management. The VP, Applications is responsible for change management and maintains all documentation in a fireproof vault in his office. A Change Request form initiates all application software changes, including required software up- grades. A user completes the form, which the users department manager approves. The user forwards the request form to the VP, Applications, who logs each request in a Change Request Log. The VP performs an initial analysis and feasibility study and estimates the required devel- opment hours. The Change Request log is a listing of all requested changes and the status of the change request. The VP, Applications uses this log to track open items and follow up on changes not completed within the original time estimate. The VP, Applications assigns the change request to an applications programmer and issues the current systems documention to the programmer. The applications programmer copies the source code from the systems production region to its development region and makes the change. The pro- grammer works in the systems development region using test data. The programmer tests the change first within the affected module and then within the entire application. Changes are never tested against production data. The programmer updates the necessary systems documentation. The applications programmer migrates the code to the systems test region. A second programmer performs systems integration testing, volume testing, and user acceptance testing, again using test files. The second programmer then performs a quality review of the change, including a source- compare analysis, and reviews the updated systems documentation. Upon completion of testing, the user who requested the change and the appropriate department manager review the test results and accept the change by signing the original request form. The VP, Applications reviews the user-approved request form on which the department manager has indicated that s/he is satisfied that the program is ready for implementation. The VP, Applications also reviews the documentation prior to implementing any new or changed program to ensure that the documentation is adequate. The VP, Applications approves the change, initials the change request form, and transfers the change to the VP, Operations, who officially accepts the change. The VP, Applications then updates the Change Request log and returns the revised systems documentation to the fireproof vault. Notes from meetings with the VP, Operations: FFCs computer room, within its data center, is locked at all times. All outside contractors or visitors must first contact the data center manager for entry into the computer room. Each must bring an official picture ID, sign a visitors log, and be escorted at all times by data center personnel during the visit. In 2002, FFC installed video cameras on all doors entering the computer room to record activity 24/7. Building management staff, who report to the facilities manager, are responsible for main- taining these tapes. The VP, Operations has not needed to review these tapes for at least six months since no unathorized access attempts have been reported. Environmental controls are in place in the computer room (i.e., temperature controls, uninter- rupted power supply, a backup generator, fire-extinguishing equipment, and raised floor). Appro- priate maintenance staff test these controls semi-annually. FFC backs up all of its data each day. It stores its most recent daily backup once a week at a company-owned offsite location, along with the most recent version of its software. FFC did not test backup tapes during the past year and has no plan to test these tapes in the future. The VP, Operations assigns IT operations personnel the task of placing new or changed appli- cations programs into production after the VP, Applications has approved the work. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 69 EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Notes from meetings with the VP, Information Security: The VP, IS grants keycard access to the computer room. The VP, IS receives a keycard access report for the computer room on a monthly basis. The VP, IS determines if an unauthorized access attempt into the computer room has occurred. Passwords are not displayed on terminals or reports. Password standards are enforced by security software. FFC requires a minimum password length of six alphanumeric or special characters and a maximum length of nine alphanumeric or special characters. The software prevents the same character from being used more than once in a password and prevents numbers from being used next to each other in a password. The security software forces users to change their pass- words twice each year. The security software maintains a history of two previous passwords and does not permit employees to reuse their two most recent passwords. The security software does not display statistics regarding employees sign-on information. For example, there is no infor- mation regarding a users sign-on attempts (such as date and time of last sign-on), number of invalid sign-on attempts since last successful sign-on, or number of days prior to password expiration. The system allows three access attempts. If the third attempt is unsuccessful, the user ID is automatically disabled. The user must contact the VP, IS to reset the user ID. The system gen- erates a logical access violation report on a daily basis. User access is limited to workstations within the corresponding responsibility area. For example, users with access to the Accounts Payable module can only log in from workstations located in the Accounts Payable area. A workstation can stand idle for up to 60 minutes before the user is logged off. The VP, IS is responsible for maintaining user profiles and authorization lists. The VP grants access to the system to new hires. The appropriate department manager completes a computerized form that specifies the proper level of access. The VP reviews the request form for proper approvals and then either approves or denies the request. If approved, the VP issues the necessary ID and initial password with the requested access via encrypted email. Normal users may have multiple IDs. Each user ID can log on to one sign-on session at a time. The VP, IS, who has unlimited access, can log in from any workstation and have multiple sign- on sessions. The VP, IS is responsible for modifying and/or disabling user IDs for personnel whose job duties change because of promotions, transfers, and/or terminations based on the Transfers and Ter- minations report. The VP, IS maintains the report, and initials and dates the report when the VP, IS has made all of the modifications. Notes from meeting with the facilities manager, who reports to the VP, Human Resources: According to the facilities manager, no one asked to view the computer room video tapes during the past six months. Observations of the audit team: Documentation of the systems development process for the new bio-coding payment system confirms that the VP, Applications complied with SSADM requirements when implementing this new system. The data center is on the first floor of FFCs building. The data center manager reports to the VP, Operations. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the keycard access report at least once per quarter. During the past six months, the VP has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The team observed no instances in which application programmers were in the computer room without a proper escort. The team observed no instances in which visitors or outside contractors were in the computer room without a proper escort. (continued on next page) Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 70 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 2 (continued) Documentation of the computer room environment controls test results for the last 18 months shows no irregularities. These files are in the CIOs office. If someone attempts to enter the computer room without authorization, company policy requires that the VP, Operations review the video tapes from the computer room cameras within 24 hours. The FFC security policy requires each employee to sign an acknowledgment that s/he read the current policy. A review of the personnel files of a sample of employees found no exceptions. A review of the selected user profiles and passwords revealed the following: User Vice President, Applications Vice President, Information Systems Password 7LiAcOf# QSECOFR1 Note: The acronym QSECOFR looks familiar. Remember to review A Beginners Guide to Auditing the AS/400 Operating System (Bines 2002). During the past six months, the dates of the modifications were about three weeks after the VP, IS received the HRs Transfers and Terminations report. The VP, IS performed the most recent user audit eight months ago. Company policy requires the VP, IS to review the unauthorized system access report on a monthly basis to check for unusual activity (e.g., multiple violations, changes to the authorization lists, etc.). During the past six months, the VP, IS has not reviewed the report for any unauthorized access attempts. The audit team verified that FFC followed its approved change management procedures when making the bio-code payment-related changes to its cash receipts processing and other financial reporting application programs. In the past fiscal year, no incidents occurred that required FFC to recover its systems using its backup tapes. Case Requirements Sophie Ewing assigned your team the following tasks: 1. For each ITGC area, identify the control issues and classify them as strengths or weak- nesses, using Exhibit 3 to document your work. Exhibit 3 will be part of the audit teams work papers. 2. Determine the level of risk (High, Medium, or Low) that you believe is present in each particular ITGC area. 3. Assess the overall risk of the organizations ITGCs, taking into consideration the five separate risk assessments that you just made (task #2 above), and their relative impor- tance to internal controls over FFCs financial reporting. 4. Prepare a report that documents and appropriately supports your overall IT risk as- sessment (task #3), using the guidance Sophie provided in Exhibit 4. You must include a statement explicitly stating your overall risk assessment in the reports concluding section and attach your completed ITGCs matrix. Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 Assessing Information Technology General Control Risk: An Instructional Case 71 EXHIBIT 3 Foods Fantastic Company IT General Controls Matrix Part A: Strengths and Weaknesses ITGC Area Summary of Issue Strength or Weakness IT Management FFC has an IT strategic plan Strength Part B: Risk Assessment for each ITGC area (Indicate Low, Medium or High) ITGC Area IT Management Systems Development Data Security Change Management Business Continuity Planning Risk Assessment Issues in Accounting Education, February 2009 72 Norman, Payne, and Vendrzyk EXHIBIT 4 Report Guidance IT General Controls Risk Assessment Report Foods Fantastic Company Students Name Date Background: Write a short description of Foods Fantastic Company (FFC) and why the ITGC review is necessary (2-3 sentences). Purpose: Briefly describe the purpose of an ITGC review and why it is important (2-3 sentences). Scope: Provide a short description of the work your team performed at Foods Fantastic to develop your risk assessment (3-4 sentences). Findings: Elaborate on the key finding(s) that influenced your overall risk assessment. Discuss the key control strengths and weaknesses you identified within each of the five ITGC areas and its corresponding risk assessment. Provide enough detail to support your assessment. Include specific examples from the information your team collected (interviews, observations, and reviews of corrob- orating documentation). Your arguments need to be consistent with your risk assessment for the five different areas, as well as your overall risk assessment (4-5 paragraphs). Conclusion: Provide a statement of your overall risk assessment. For example, I set FFCs assessed level of ITGC risk as (Low, Medium, or High) because of . Summarize the primary reasons that contributed to your assessment. Keep in mind the relative im- portance of each of the five ITGC areas in controlling FFCs financial reporting (3-4 sentences).

Why the Sea is Salty :: essays research papers

Why is the sea salty? One theory states that the sea is salt because of the â€Å"mid-Ocean† rift. Fresh basalt flows up through the rift along with â€Å"juvenile water; water that is made up of many of the components of sea water including chlorine, bromine, iodine, and many other molecules. Also some salts get into the ocean through volcanoes and even fresh water rivers carries salt into the sea. The sea is composed of many other things. Scientist over the years has conducted many experiments to prove not only of what the sea is made have but also many other things. In 1715 a scientist named Edmund Halley had a theory to prove the age of the ocean by the rate of salt that is transported through the rivers. In 1889 a scientist by the name of John Joly decided to test this theory and found out the sea is approximately ninety million years old. Also another scientist by the name of Antoine Laurent Lavoisier conducted the first analysis of seawater two hundred years ago. Another concept developed b y John Murray in the nineteenth century states that the weight is never determined but instead the total amount of chloride ion is carefully measured and a total for all other ions is computed by applying the constancy of relative proportions. Also A.M. Marcet, Johann Forchammer, and Wilhelm Dittmar have researched this theory. Now in the last forty years geochemist have really began looking into the chemistry of the ocean. Not only can the chemistry tell us what the sea is made have but also a history of the sea. For example the salinity of the sea has not really change in its history. The reason the sea’s salinity has not changed is because of its strong buffering zones. Today’s scientist has also begun to look at rain as it reaches the sea.

Dream Act

Education is a benefit for society. Higher education offers higher economic advantages for both workers and the economy. The United States is the home of about 65,000 undocumented children who graduate high school each year and have lived in the country for more than five years (Dreams Deferred, 2010). These children are intelligent, outstanding class presidents, valedictorians, and honor students who aspire to be successful doctors, engineers, teachers, and lawyers.However, because of legal and financial obstacles confronting them just because they are undocumented students, many are unable to live their American dream and attend a college or university. It is estimated that only about 5 to 10% of undocumented high school graduates go on to college (Dreams Deferred, 2010). According to the Immigration Policy Center, â€Å"Studies of undocumented immigrants who legalized their status through the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) of 1986 reveal that legal status brings fiscal , economic, and labor-market benefits to individual immigrants, their families, and U.S. society in general† (Dreams Deferred, 2010). The U. S. Department of Labor found that wages of these immigrants who received their legal status under IRCA increased their wages to 15% five years later. If given the opportunity, undocumented students will expand their education, get better jobs, and pay taxes. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a proposed federal legislation in the U. S. that will enact two major changes in current law.The DREAM Act will 1) â€Å"Permit certain immigrant students who have grown up in the U. S. to apply legal status and to eventually obtain permanent status and become eligible for U. S. citizenship if they go to college or serve in the U. S. military; and 2) Eliminate a federal provision that penalizes states that provide in-state tuition without regard to immigration status. † (DREAM Act: Summary, 2, 2010)The passa ge of the DREAM Act is critical to raise the quality of the U.S. workforce through higher education to maintain a strong economy. The DREAM Act will increase the number of undocumented immigrant students who attend college, it will benefit the nation’s economy, and the nation will save the high cost of ignoring these undocumented immigrant students. The Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors (DREAM) Act is a bipartisan legislation led by senators Richard Durbin, Chuck Hagel, andRichard Lugar, this bill will restore states’ rights to offer in-state tuition to undocumented immigrant students who live in that state in order to make it easier for students to afford a higher level education. The DREAM Act will also provide citizenship to the hardworking immigrant youth who was brought to the U. S. as children and who pursue a higher education or military service, allowing them to contribute to the American society (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocum ented Immigrant Students, 2006).The bill has been introduced several times in the House of Representatives and the Senate, but it has never been brought to a floor vote. In the senate it was brought to debate on October 24, 2007, but failed by a 52-44 vote. The DREAM Act was reintroduced on March 26, 2009 by Richard Durbin and Richard Lugar in the senate and in the House of Representatives by Howard Berman, Lincoln Diaz, and Lucille Roybal-Allard (DREAM Act: Summary, 2010). To qualify, a DREAM Act beneficiary would have to meet the following requirements: * Proof of having arrived to the U.S. at the age of 15 or younger. * Proof of residence in the U. S. for at least 5 consecutive years since the date of their arrival. * Must be between the age of 12 and 35 at the time of the enactment of the bill. * Have graduated from an American high school, or obtained a GED. * Display â€Å"Good Moral Character† defined as â€Å"the absence of significant criminal record or any major ch arge of drugs† by the National Council of La Raza (The ‘DREAM Act’ and the ‘American Dream Act, 1, 2007). The student must have accomplished one of the following within six year after the permanent residence was granted: * Earn a degree from a 2 or 4 year institution, or have maintained a â€Å"good standing† for at least two years at a 2 or 4 year institution while working toward a bachelor’s degree or higher (The ‘DREAM Act’ and the ‘American Dream Act, 2007). * Served in the U. S. Armed Forces for at least 2 years. Without the DREAM Act the U. S. faces critical financial and emotional costs.After years of hard work and achieving success in high school every student in America expects a reward. 65,000 undocumented students currently living in America expect these rewards as well. They were raised the American way. According to the National Council of La Raza, the American way is to â€Å"offer equal opportunities to all an d encourage all to make the most of their talents† (The ‘DREAM Act’ and the ‘American Dream Act, 2, 2007). As young children, these students were brought to this nation by their parents; it was beyond their control to stay in their native land.Brenda Garcia states, her family faced monetary problems while living in Mexico, the only solution to their problem was to come to the United States, she had no say so in this decision and was forced to follow her parents and leave her country (2010). These students have shared all the American values and traditions; they see this country as their home. These students grew up pledging allegiance to the United States of America, and now the United States of America can’t give its loyalists the opportunity for citizenship and a more affordable higher level education.Current law punishes these students for a decision they did not make and for their lack of documentation. America has imposed insuperable obstacles fo r these students and crushed their hopes of exceeding in their education, as a result â€Å"only 5 to 10 percent of undocumented young people who graduate from high school go on to college† (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 2, 2006) either because schools deny them admission, they are charged out-of state tuition which is much more than the in-state tuition rate, they are not eligible for financial aid, and cannot work legally in the United States.The discouragement is too much and most of these hard working, and goal oriented undocumented students with high academic standing don’t get to live their American dream. With the passage of the DREAM Act these student’s dreams could be attainable and as a result more students could attend college, exceed in their education, and contribute to the United States economy. The DREAM Act will â€Å"facilitate access to college for immigrant students in the U.S. by restoring statesâ₠¬â„¢ rights to offer in-state tuition to immigrant students residing in their state,† states the National Council of La Raza (The ‘DREAM Act’ and the ‘American Dream Act, 1, 2007). Many states argue that the schools will not have revenue if undocumented students are charged only in-state tuition, but who said in-state tuition meant free tuition? â€Å"In-state tuition is not the same as free tuition.It is a discount,† claims the National Immigration Law Center (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 2, 2006) if the discount is provided, more undocumented students will attend an institution of higher level education and the money paid by these students will increase school revenues by far because it will be money that would otherwise not be there, and even then, after all, education pays for itself, claims the National Immigration Law Center (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 3, 200 6).The United States’ economic future depends on its current students, documented and undocumented. If given the opportunity, through the DREAM Act, undocumented students will expand their education and raise the schools revenues; they will get better jobs in which they will help out the U. S. society by curing the ill, sharing their knowledge with young people, designing new buildings for the community, and opening new businesses, etc.The National Immigration Law Center claims that â€Å"As baby boomers age, the number of retirees in the U. S. swell (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 2, 2006) and that’s why in the future the U. S. will need new proficient people to take over those jobs. These young immigrants can be the future professionals the U. S. will need, they are â€Å"key to our ability to counteract the serious demographic challenges we face† (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 2, 2006).We as a nation must â€Å"raise the caliber of our workforce through higher education to have a chance to maintain a strong economy† (Basic Facts about In-State Tuition for Undocumented Immigrant Students, 2, 2006). Additionally each person who attends college and obtains a professional job means one less expense to the state in terms of social service, as well, an asset in terms of tax payments to the state. The nation cannot burden these motivated and high achieving immigrant youth; after all they will only benefit the nation in the future.Undocumented students who don’t have the opportunity to get the best out of their education are simply wasted talent, a new report from the Immigration Policy Center by Roberto Gonzalez, Wasted Talent and Broken Dreams: The Lost Potential of Undocumented Students, makes it clear that â€Å"without means to legalize their status, these children are seldom able to go on to college, cannot work legally in the United States, and therefore cannot put their educations to good use† (Dreams Deferred, 1, 2010).The United States has invested in the education of these undocumented students since they were in pre-kinder all the way through their high school education. If the United States cuts their education short by not gathering the full potential of these children’s’ education it will face an enormous cost because there will be no benefits for the nation. In the future these tudents will not give back to the nation, and that will be a result of waste talent, wasted money, and lost potential. Why not let these students contribute back to the country that gave them so much? The American way is to be fair and offer equal opportunities to all and encourage everyone to make the best out of their talents, America, now is the time to live up to your American way. Don’t punish these undocumented students for a decision that they did not make.These students are your children, they are Ame ricans, they are friends, classmates, outstanding students, they are family. There is a significant cost in denying these children their college education. Don’t crush their American Dream. â€Å"This wasted talent imposes financial and emotional costs not only on undocumented students themselves, but on the U. S. economy and U. S. society as a whole† (Dreams Deferred, 1, 2010). Dream Act Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Amy's Story. † Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 329-333. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Definition/Background History: The IRCA (Immigration and Reform Control Act) was introduced in 1986, this act enabled immigrants who came to America illegally residency and citizenship. The widespread amount of illegal immigrants caused border controls for those who are foreigners.Unfortunately Amy, an anonymous illegal immigrant, and her family surpassed the deadline by three and a half weeks. Amy tells her story about her family and financial struggles due to being an undocumented immigrant. She faced out-of-state tuition fees because of college requirements of being resident in the United States. Hiding undercover pretending to be a citizen was becoming tough for Amy so she had to drop out of school. Now she tutors and has low-paid jobs to support her parents and herself. Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011Bennion, David. â€Å"Undocumented Youths Organize to Pass DREAM Act. † Legal Intelligencer. 31 Aug 2009. Print. David Bennion. â€Å"Children of Illegal Aliens Should Go to College and Gain Legal Status. † â€Å"What Rights Should Illegal Immigrants Have? † Noel Merino, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Positive Effect: David Bennion, an immigration attorney at Nationalities Service Center in Philadelphia, stated: â€Å"Each year, about 65,000 undocumented students graduate from high school in the United States.They then face often insurmountable barriers to pursuing further education or employment opportunities. † By passing the DREAM Act the amount of undocumented immigrants that are already living in America could help the economy and prosper in education and em ployment. Negative Effect: Keeping the act repealed is beneficial because the amount of illegal immigrants in America could incline. By permitting the â€Å"Dreamers† to pay in-state-college tuition and become a citizen of U. S. would promote more illegal immigrants into America. Cynthia NguyenMs. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Dream on. † America 19 July 2010: 5. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Positive Effects: President Obama reignited the idea of allowing illegal immigrants education and ability to attend colleges under certain circumstances written in the DREAM Act. He states â€Å"We should stop punishing innocent young people for the actions of their parents by denying them the chance to stay here and earn an education and contribute their talents to build the country where they’ve grown up. With this idea, this allows the children who are documented an opportunity to succeed in the United States not only for themselves , but our economy as well. Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 Ling-Ling, Yeh. â€Å"The Dream for Some, a Nightmare for the Rest. † The Daily Californian. 19 Oct 2007. Print. Yeh Ling-Ling. â€Å"Children of Illegal Aliens Should Not Go to College and Gail Legal Status. † â€Å"What Rights Should Illegal Immigrants Have? † Noel Merino, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press. 2010. Print. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Undesirable Effects:Yeh Ling-Ling an executive director of the Diversity Alliance for a Sustainable America, and an immigrant states â€Å"Passing the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, or DREAM Act, is a bad idea. Allowing illegal immigrant students to pay in-state college tuition and gain residency would only encourage more illegal immigrants in the United States. The act would have a negative economic impact and hurt American citizens. † Passing the Dream Act would economically stress our f unds because in reality most illegal immigrants are low-paid and cannot afford to pay taxes.The amount of children in American public education would rise. â€Å"This cost can exceed $9,500 per child per year if the student receives the so-called bilingual education, not to mention the costs of other social services. † By accepting this act, it would be a reward to illegal immigrants and would cause more to migrate to America. The Dream Act would negatively effect politics as well. For example, Hispanic activists encourage the pressuring of the United States to be identical as Mexico. This factor effects the future of millions of our nation.Not only politics would be effected but, â€Å"The U. S. population has quadrupled since 1900, from 76 million to 303 million. In the last 15 years alone,over 50 million people have been added to the United States mostly due to immigration-derived growth! If our population continues to grow at the rate of last decade, by 2100—withi n the lifetimes of today's children's children—the United States will have India's current population. † Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Illegal Immigrants. Current Issues: Macmillian Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Definition/History/Background: â€Å"An immigrant is a person who migrates from one country to another. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is a person who does so without following the established legal procedures of the destination country and who resides in that country without proper visas or other documents. Illegal immigrants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"illegal aliens† or â€Å"undocumented workers. † Most illegal immigrants of the United States come from Mexico by crossing the 1,955-mile border or the northern border with Canada. Desirable: Economic effects of immigrants can be positive. Illegal immigrants are more open to low-wage jo bs because without paperwork they are not allowed to apply for a job. â€Å"†¦ immigrants take on hard and dangerous jobs that native Americans will not do. These defenders maintain that immigrants’ labor and entrepreneurship helps to revitalize American industries and create more jobs than they take. † Undesirable:For the people who do pay taxes, immigrants are expensive to have. â€Å"The study concluded that taxpayers were paying $4 billion annually in unemployment, medical, educational, and other government programs and services. † Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 Texier, Le Emmanuelle. â€Å"The Debate for In-State Tuition Fees Regardless of Immigration Status: The Right to Educate. † La Prensa San Diego 9 May 2003. Print. Emmanuelle Le Texier. â€Å"Undocumented Immigrants Are Entitled to In-State Tuition. † Lori Newman Ed. At Issues Series. Greenhaven Press, 2006.Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Positive Eff ects: Enabling illegal immigrants to continue with education formulates a chain reaction to the economy’s rise. Educating a large portion of our country promotes skilled workers, in which help with building a better future for America. Students have not done anything to harm our economy. No matter illegal, or not the children are the future of America and should be rewarded by the ability to fulfill higher education. Allowing this higher education promotes more skilled workers â€Å"building the future of a country. † Dream Act Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Amy's Story. † Immigration and Multiculturalism: Essential Primary Sources. Ed. K. Lee Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, and Adrienne Wilmoth Lerner. Detroit: Gale, 2006. 329-333. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Definition/Background History: The IRCA (Immigration and Reform Control Act) was introduced in 1986, this act enabled immigrants who came to America illegally residency and citizenship. The widespread amount of illegal immigrants caused border controls for those who are foreigners.Unfortunately Amy, an anonymous illegal immigrant, and her family surpassed the deadline by three and a half weeks. Amy tells her story about her family and financial struggles due to being an undocumented immigrant. She faced out-of-state tuition fees because of college requirements of being resident in the United States. Hiding undercover pretending to be a citizen was becoming tough for Amy so she had to drop out of school. Now she tutors and has low-paid jobs to support her parents and herself. Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011Bennion, David. â€Å"Undocumented Youths Organize to Pass DREAM Act. † Legal Intelligencer. 31 Aug 2009. Print. David Bennion. â€Å"Children of Illegal Aliens Should Go to College and Gain Legal Status. † â€Å"What Rights Should Illegal Immigrants Have? † Noel Merino, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press, 2010. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Positive Effect: David Bennion, an immigration attorney at Nationalities Service Center in Philadelphia, stated: â€Å"Each year, about 65,000 undocumented students graduate from high school in the United States.They then face often insurmountable barriers to pursuing further education or employment opportunities. † By passing the DREAM Act the amount of undocumented immigrants that are already living in America could help the economy and prosper in education and em ployment. Negative Effect: Keeping the act repealed is beneficial because the amount of illegal immigrants in America could incline. By permitting the â€Å"Dreamers† to pay in-state-college tuition and become a citizen of U. S. would promote more illegal immigrants into America. Cynthia NguyenMs. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Dream on. † America 19 July 2010: 5. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Positive Effects: President Obama reignited the idea of allowing illegal immigrants education and ability to attend colleges under certain circumstances written in the DREAM Act. He states â€Å"We should stop punishing innocent young people for the actions of their parents by denying them the chance to stay here and earn an education and contribute their talents to build the country where they’ve grown up. With this idea, this allows the children who are documented an opportunity to succeed in the United States not only for themselves , but our economy as well. Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 Ling-Ling, Yeh. â€Å"The Dream for Some, a Nightmare for the Rest. † The Daily Californian. 19 Oct 2007. Print. Yeh Ling-Ling. â€Å"Children of Illegal Aliens Should Not Go to College and Gail Legal Status. † â€Å"What Rights Should Illegal Immigrants Have? † Noel Merino, Ed. At Issue Series. Greenhaven Press. 2010. Print. Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Undesirable Effects:Yeh Ling-Ling an executive director of the Diversity Alliance for a Sustainable America, and an immigrant states â€Å"Passing the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, or DREAM Act, is a bad idea. Allowing illegal immigrant students to pay in-state college tuition and gain residency would only encourage more illegal immigrants in the United States. The act would have a negative economic impact and hurt American citizens. † Passing the Dream Act would economically stress our f unds because in reality most illegal immigrants are low-paid and cannot afford to pay taxes.The amount of children in American public education would rise. â€Å"This cost can exceed $9,500 per child per year if the student receives the so-called bilingual education, not to mention the costs of other social services. † By accepting this act, it would be a reward to illegal immigrants and would cause more to migrate to America. The Dream Act would negatively effect politics as well. For example, Hispanic activists encourage the pressuring of the United States to be identical as Mexico. This factor effects the future of millions of our nation.Not only politics would be effected but, â€Å"The U. S. population has quadrupled since 1900, from 76 million to 303 million. In the last 15 years alone,over 50 million people have been added to the United States mostly due to immigration-derived growth! If our population continues to grow at the rate of last decade, by 2100—withi n the lifetimes of today's children's children—the United States will have India's current population. † Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 â€Å"Illegal Immigrants. Current Issues: Macmillian Social Science Library. Detroit: Gale, 2010. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 9 Nov. 2011. Definition/History/Background: â€Å"An immigrant is a person who migrates from one country to another. An â€Å"illegal† immigrant is a person who does so without following the established legal procedures of the destination country and who resides in that country without proper visas or other documents. Illegal immigrants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"illegal aliens† or â€Å"undocumented workers. † Most illegal immigrants of the United States come from Mexico by crossing the 1,955-mile border or the northern border with Canada. Desirable: Economic effects of immigrants can be positive. Illegal immigrants are more open to low-wage jo bs because without paperwork they are not allowed to apply for a job. â€Å"†¦ immigrants take on hard and dangerous jobs that native Americans will not do. These defenders maintain that immigrants’ labor and entrepreneurship helps to revitalize American industries and create more jobs than they take. † Undesirable:For the people who do pay taxes, immigrants are expensive to have. â€Å"The study concluded that taxpayers were paying $4 billion annually in unemployment, medical, educational, and other government programs and services. † Cynthia Nguyen Ms. Thompson ENC 1101 November 28, 2011 Texier, Le Emmanuelle. â€Å"The Debate for In-State Tuition Fees Regardless of Immigration Status: The Right to Educate. † La Prensa San Diego 9 May 2003. Print. Emmanuelle Le Texier. â€Å"Undocumented Immigrants Are Entitled to In-State Tuition. † Lori Newman Ed. At Issues Series. Greenhaven Press, 2006.Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Positive Eff ects: Enabling illegal immigrants to continue with education formulates a chain reaction to the economy’s rise. Educating a large portion of our country promotes skilled workers, in which help with building a better future for America. Students have not done anything to harm our economy. No matter illegal, or not the children are the future of America and should be rewarded by the ability to fulfill higher education. Allowing this higher education promotes more skilled workers â€Å"building the future of a country. †